Mirzo Ulugʻbek (1394–1449) founded the Ulugʻbek madrasa in Samarqand in 1417–1420 and established an observatory for astronomical observations in 1424–1429. He introduced mathematics and astronomy into the curriculum, created works like Zij-i Sultoni (1437), and modernized the educational system through clear teaching methods, teacher exchanges, and increasing scientific translation texts