Developing rubrics for assessing English speaking skills involves choosing analytic or holistic formats, defining clear criteria (pronunciation, fluency, accuracy, lexical range, grammatical complexity, coherence, interaction), creating performance levels (e.g., 1–5) with descriptive anchors, assigning weights to criteria, ensuring validity and reliability through task alignment and pilot testing, training raters and using exemplars, providing actionable feedback, and reviewing fairness and cultural bias