The concept of state responsibility in international law is defined through the main principles. The rules adopted by the UN International Law Commission in 2001 determine the responsibility of states for breaches of international obligations. These rules address the breach of international obligations and the harm caused by a state or third party. Remedies such as compensation, countermeasures, and performance of obligations are discussed as forms of responsibility. The rules are applied through international arbitration and judicial institutions. The International Court of Justice considered several historical cases of state responsibility in the 1970s and 1980s