Climate change refers to long-term changes in the Earth’s climate system, including changes in average temperature, precipitation patterns, and weather extremes over long periods of time. It includes global warming, changes in rainfall, rising sea levels, and more frequent extreme weather events. Climate change affects natural ecosystems, human health, and economic systems. It is a global issue that goes beyond national borders and requires international cooperation. Climate change is now considered one of the most serious challenges facing the global economy and sustainable development.